The NIH Clinical Center
The NIH Clinical Center
A "house of hope, where science and compassion come together to save our lives"
• The Institutes
• Selections from Building Ten at Fifty
• Early history: A magnet for young doctors of draft age
• Articles about NIH and about clinical research
• Building Ten at Fifty: 50 Years of Clinical Research at the NIH Clinical Center
(PDF, 148 pages, complete book -- download from NIH site or read online)
Pat McNees wrote this book for the center's fiftieth anniversary, for which she won a first-place award from the National Association of Government Communicators, among other awards. Her preface is on p. 18. A long and informative timeline of events starts on page 4.
Seven Decades at the Forefront of Medical Research: The NIH Clinical Center Excellent video: a talk by Francis Collins, MD, PhD Senior Investigator for the Center for Precision Health Research, in honor of the Clinical Center's 70th anniversary. This NIH CC Grand Rounds lecture was held virtually and anyone can watch it!) It gives you an idea of how important clinical research is to all of us.
Pat McNees's writings about the NIH Clinical Center (a sampler)
• Building Ten at Fifty by Pat McNees. (Read it online!) Fifty years of clinical research at the NIH Clinical Center. This was published just as the new Hatfield Center was being finished. Several spinoff booklets also came out of this period of research and 105 interviews. If you want to skip through the timeline, go right to page 22.
• Building Ten's 50th Anniversary Celebration (celebration booklet)
• Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Center (booklet for the opening of the new wing of Building 50)
• An abnormal reunion (Pat McNees, The Scientist, March 2008) "In 1958, Jim Conrad, a Mennonite from Oregon, volunteered to eat the same solid foods every day for several weeks, then nothing but corn oil and skim milk for nine weeks, then a combination of coconut oil and skim milk for six weeks, and finally, fish oil and skim milk for two weeks - all in the name of biomedical science."
The Institutes
The National Institutes of Health is a collection of government-operated biomedical research institutes. The National Cancer Institute, created in 1937, has in many ways served as the model for the many institutes that have followed, created by Congress, often at the urging of others, especially advocacy groups. There is no consistency to the categories they represent. Some institutes are organized around a disease (such as cancer or allergy and infectious disease), some around an organ system (such as eyes, or heart, lung, and blood), some by life stage (child and human development, and aging), some by field of science (general medical sciences, environmental sciences, human genome, mental health), some by profession or technology (nursing, biomedical imaging and biomedical engineering).
Ninety percent of NIH-funded research is “extramural,” carried out by other (mostly academic medical) organizations all over the country. Only 10 percent of the research funding is spent on “intramural” research, done on NIH’s Bethesda campus. Some of the research involves basic science (performed in laboratories or in experiments with animals). Some of it is clinical research—meaning it’s conducted on human patients. When intramural NIH investigators conduct clinical research, they do so in the NIH Clinical Center.
The following institutes see patients in the Clinical Center:
• National Cancer Institute (NCI)
• National Eye Institute (NEI)
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
• National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
• National Institute on Aging (NIA)
• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
• National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
• National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) (Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD)
• National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)
• National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
• National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
• National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Here is a
• FULL LIST OF NIH INSTITUTES, CENTERS, AND OFFICES
Read Lynne Lamberg's featured story about it (New Home for Nation's Research Hospital) in the May 4, 2005, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.
A short history of the National Institutes of Health
• Brief history of the NIH Clinical Center (by Pat McNees)
• Frequently asked questions about NIH
• Clinical research trials and you
• ClinicalTrials.gov (NIH), a registry and results database of publicly and privately supported clinical studies of human participants conducted around the world
• Finding a clinical trial
• Program for healthy volunteers
• Directions to the NIH Clinical Center
• List of Clinical Trial Registries
• Stories of patient volunteers
• Stories of researchers
• Institute and center mailing addresses
• Timeline 1953 to Present (Clinical Center) See also the timeline in Building Ten at Fifty (PDF, by Pat McNees), starting at page 4.
• Employment opportunities at NIH
• NIH Calendar of Events
• Organization charts, NIH
• NIH Image Gallery. See NIH Flickr site
• Glossary of common terms
• NIH Research. NIH RePORTer (NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting), a searchable database on federally funded biomedical research projects and programs. News updates here.
• Search NIH Clinical Research Studies
• The NIH Clinical Center and the future of clinical research (John Gallin, Nature Medicine 10-11-11)
Selections from Building Ten at Fifty
by Pat McNees
On my first walk around Building 10 — the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, Maryland — I chatted briefly with a nurse on the pediatric cancer ward. “We see miracles happen here all the time,” she said. I have learned that these miracles are often the product of dedicated and compassionate work by many very smart people who want to make a difference and do. Taking the best science has to offer, they are constantly thinking about new ways to deal with unsolved medical problems, coming up with solutions, and passing them on to the rest of the medical community, while they find new problems to tackle. The staff offers a level of patient care most of us thought had been managed out of existence. And the Clinical Center and the institutes have provided training and formative experiences for a sizeable proportion of the nation’s — and increasingly the world’s — biomedical establishment.
The Clinical Center is not the kind of place you come to for an appendicitis attack or to have a baby. If you broke your leg walking down its corridors, you would probably be taken across Old Georgetown Road to Suburban Hospital to have it set. The Clinical Center exists to provide patient care in the context of clinical research, and if you have the bad luck to have a medical problem that standard medical practice can’t deal with—but the good luck to qualify for one of the institutes’ protocols—there is probably no better place to be.
There are problems with the Clinical Center. Nobody has enough space in which to meet or work. The food in the cafeteria is nothing to write home about. And parking, which is limited, is definitely a privilege, not a right. But certain themes emerged in interviews with several dozen people who work, or worked, in the Clinical Center: “Here I could practice medicine the way I learned that it should be practiced,” which I heard especially from the nurses. Also: “Every day I look forward to coming to work” and “I could make more money elsewhere, but I can’t imagine more rewarding or important work.”
Research protocols may be interventional (experimental studies in humans to investigate the safety and/or efficacy of a drug, gene therapy, vaccine, behavior, device, or procedure) or observational (to record specific events occurring in a defined population). Observational protocols include natural history, screening, and psychosocial studies.
Clinical trials of new drugs account for roughly half the protocols in the Clinical Center. Most of the clinical trials conducted here have been phase 1 or 2 trials, testing for safety and efficacy. These trials mark the first time these agents have been tested in humans. After these early studies, the drugs move into phase 3 trials, which are usually conducted off-campus in large populations by extramural researchers. Back at the Clinical Center, intramural researchers then turn their attention to other challenges requiring innovative or untested research that couldn’t easily be done elsewhere.
The other half of the protocols involving Building 10 are natural histories of diseases—often rare diseases—to elucidate their pathogenesis and to develop new medical interventions or approaches to diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. The natural history studies are typically long-term studies, usually involving patients from all over the nation and sometimes the world. Many of these studies go on for decades, with investigators studying patients from infancy through adulthood. Many of these studies probably would not have been done if they had not been done in the Clinical Center. There is no other hospital like it.
The Clinical Center supports about 1,000 active clinical research protocols. Its projected hospital admissions in 2003, with a 267-bed capacity, are 6,723, plus an expected 98,172 outpatient visits. Investigators will see 9,175 new patients in 2003, bringing the total number of active patients to 80,245. It has the largest population of patients with rare diseases anywhere. The Clinical Center itself employs a staff of about 2,000, in addition to which staff and fellows of the various institutes work in Building 10. The Clinical Center’s job is to provide the resources the institutes need to carry out their research and patient care missions.
A magnet for young doctors of draft age
“Sometimes in medicine, there’s a moment in time when everything appears new, all things seem possible, and breathtaking advances occur—a moment usually triggered by the confluence of place, of technological breakthrough, and of the gathering together of a group of gifted people,” said cardiologist Steve Epstein at a 1997 symposium on intramural research at the NIH. “Such a time characterized those early years of the NIH.”
Neither a conventional hospital nor a medical school, the Clinical Center had no interns or residents—and it needed young doctors to provide patient care. The system for providing such care from the very first was to bring in “clinical associates,” young physicians and dentists who during their internship or residency arranged two years in advance to come to the Clinical Center for two years of training in clinical and laboratory research. During their first year, they provided patient care; during their second year they worked in a laboratory with the senior investigator who had selected them. This was at a time when graduates of medical schools had little or no training in research or in scientific method; they certainly didn’t get it in medical school, where the emphasis was on clinical practice.
The NIH is not a university, although there has been some discussion of developing a graduate school on the campus, but the senior investigators work closely with and depend on their trainees. Long-term technical staff provide a lab’s long-term memory, but much of the work is done by the trainees in the clinical program and by MDs and Ph.D.s who come through for basic laboratory training. The Clinical Center offers less formal teaching than a medical school but the clinical associates have benefited from training in the form of day-to-day interactions and critiques of their work.
The Center owes its strong start partly to a brilliant recruiting device. The outbreak of the Korean War in June of 1950 had created a consensus for a “doctor draft” to provide the physicians and dentists needed by the military. An amendment to the Selective Service Act passed in 1948, in the early days of the Cold War, revived the government’s authority to draft young men into the military. The prospect of two years’ obligatory service in the military influenced many to try a stint in medical research. For the two decades that the doctor draft continued (it ended in 1973), the Clinical Center had its pick of candidates from the top medical schools. People who would never have considered leaving the elite medical schools for the NIH did so for two years in lieu of military service.
Tony Fauci remembers a recruiter from the Armed Forces coming to Cornell in 1966, when he was about to start his internship and residency. Early in the fourth year of medical school, they gathered in Cornell’s auditorium—79 men and two women—and the recruiter said, “Believe it or not, when you graduate from medical school at the end of the year, except for the two women, everyone in this room is going to be either in the Army, the Air Force, the Navy, or the Public Health Service. So you are going to have to take your choice. Sign up and give your preferences.” At the time the NIH was just blossoming, says Fauci, and everyone who had any role in academic medicine spent some time there, so he put the Public Health Service as his first choice, followed by the Navy.
During the 1960s, especially, the doctor draft brought many bright young physicians to Bethesda for an official two-year stint, an alternative to military service. In 1960, there were 68 physicians reported for the associate program. After the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in 1964, which gave the President the authority to take military action in Vietnam without congressional approval, 153 physicians reported for the associate program. There were 178 associates in 1966, 206 in 1970, and 229 (the peak) in 1973, the year Henry Kissinger negotiated a peace settlement in Paris. The selection process became extremely competitive. At first, the young doctors were chosen through the old boys’ network but very soon the Public Health Service developed formal application and testing procedures. “The best, the absolute cream, the ‘Tiffanys,’ all applied,” said Donald Frederickson, one of the first clinical associates and later director of the NIH. For a time, Frederickson helped decide who would be admitted in the Heart Institute.* “Each Institute would do their damnedest to get what they considered the very best....The art of picking, out of a whole group of qualified people, those who might become successful scientists was extremely difficult and still is today....The main objective was getting people who would use this environment to become scientists.”
They call themselves the “yellow berets.” No one is certain when the phrase originated. For some the term must have conveyed a derogatory meaning, contrasted with the “green berets” (Special Forces Operatives trained for fierce combat in Southeast Asia). But by the war’s end most associates “used it as a badge of pride,” says Melissa Klein, author of “The Legacy of the Yellow Berets” and daughter of Harvey Klein, head of the Center’s Department of Transfusion Medicine.
There was a period during the doctors’ draft when two thirds of the Harvard medical students applied to the NIH. They came not only to avoid the draft but also because it had become the place to be. The excitement of the new venture drew young investigators from all over the world, who came to learn, make their mark, and (usually) return to their home institutions. Some came intending to go into a special medical practice, says Tom Waldmann of the Cancer Institute, who also started as a clinical associate. But “some you could capture, some you could induce to stay.” Many of the great names in medical science got hooked on research and stayed. And given full support, they made discoveries at an amazingly rapid rate.
Their two-year period at the NIH gave many of these doctors their first taste of research, which they continued when they returned to academia. The NIH became an important training ground for the nation’s biomedical researchers, who, during their training period, provided care for the Clinical Center patients. It was, for many, a transforming experience. The Clinical Center provided superior facilities for research training and excellent mentors, including several Nobel laureates. Clinical associates had a chance to work with world-class scientists and their peers were top graduates from the country’s elite medical schools. The NIH’s seminars and courses were as good as those at any university, and one had only to walk down the hall or to the next building to find someone to answer a question, such was the critical mass of experts on campus. The program trained them to be clinical investigators rather than just skilled practitioners. “To their solid medical education was added scientific knowledge and experimental techniques,” observes Melissa Klein, “and in their career-oriented minds was implanted a vision of the physician-scientist who would discover fundamental biological mechanisms and apply those insight to the cure of disease.” The associates became some of the nation’s most skilled researchers, part of an international network of scientists. They went on to train new generations of researchers—and to increase the number of centers at which such training was offered.
When the doctor draft ended, well over half the leadership in biomedical research had spent a couple of years at the NIH — which meant they spent time at the Clinical Center. The spectacular launching of clinical research that began in 1953 spawned a generation of research scientists in the 1950s and 1960s who established new centers of scientific creativity throughout the United States. Building 10 became a center for studying and training in clinical research as much as it was a place to conduct clinical research.
“The broad reach of the Clinical Center is evident in the stories of the people who pass through the Clinical Center,” says Harry Malech. “Not necessarily the ones like me who have been here a long time but people who have been here five, six, or seven years—but an amazingly formative five, six, seven years of their lives—and then they go someplace else and have extraordinarily distinguished careers as leaders in their clinical field. Some pretty remarkable people—including that first generation of superclinicians in the 1960s—have passed through these buildings, either for their whole careers or for some portion of their careers.”
Steven Rosenberg, pioneer in cancer immunotherapy, says this about Building 10
“This hospital is a jewel in the medical universe. For someone like myself who wants to do serious science and seriously apply it—in my case, finding new treatments for patients with cancer — there’s no place in the world like the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health.
“We have spectacular research resources. We have 250 state-of-the-art hospital beds married to world-class research facilities and world-class scientists—over 2,000 PhDs who are doing basic scientific research, eager to collaborate with clinicians. Half of all the clinical research beds in the United States are in this building, paid for by the U.S. government for the sole purpose of developing improved management for patients.
“This gives us an opportunity to do things that would be very, very difficult to do elsewhere. We have our own research laboratories literally a few steps away from our patient wards, and often we literally carry the materials we develop from the laboratory to the patient wards for treatment. This intermingling of scientists with clinicians and clinician-scientists creates an environment that is unsurpassed for enabling innovative, groundbreaking research.
“We can bring patients into the hospital and perform studies in a scholarly way that would be impossible if patients were paying for their care. The beds are available to do research and to look at experimental means for managing and treating patients in our care. We don’t have to worry about the $2,000 a day that patients are paying in most hospitals. We have no emergency ward or trauma center. No local population depends on us for care. We can control patient flow so that the only patients we bring into this hospital are patients who can help us answer questions. We might accept only one out of every ten patients referred to us. Our community is the world of patients who have intractable medical problems. The patients are the explorers—in a sense, the adventurers—experiencing new treatments for their own benefit and for the benefit of patients who follow.”
Material from Building Ten at Fifty Copyright (c) 2003 by Pat McNees. All rights reserved. For permission to reprint in full or in part, contact Pat McNees.
Susan Butler, research patient and advocate
Diagnosed with simultaneous advanced breast and ovarian cancer in 1995, Susan Butler, at 51, had been told that her odds of surviving more than two years were less than 20 percent. She had come to the Clinical Center and the National Cancer Institute, she said at the dedication of the Clinical Center's new hospital, “to see if this ultimate hospital, this place of last, best hope, might have an answer for me. I remember very clearly how excited I was calling my family and friends, saying, I’m accepted in the clinical trial! It was the day that my heart began to lift and a feeling of hope came to me.”
As a volunteer in a complex clinical trial for ovarian cancer, she said, “I became immersed in this sometimes intimidating, enormous hospital and like many patients the size and complexity overwhelmed me.” But the people in the building changed that. “One by one, their skill and compassion lifted and supported me through prolonged and arduous treatment. One by one, they cheered me when I was exhausted. And one by one, they took the time to meet my ever-present needs, day and night.”
“Of course, the treatment was not all sweetness and light . . .but because you are treated here, you are sometimes in the company of many people who are far more ill than you are, who clearly will not have an ideal outcome . . . . You see all around you the full panorama of life and death, and with this reality comes, at times, enormous inspiration at the power of the human spirit…. It is the family of man here—in all its glory and misery, pain and celebration. It is real life, here in the House of Hope.
“This magnificent Clinical Center is first and last its people,” says Butler, “with brains and hearts dedicated to saving lives, prolonging lives, improving the quality of lives…special people of iron will who get up every day determined to do the best they know how for the sickest of people, those of us who come here, our hearts in our hands, hoping for a miracle….I have had my miracle. I have lived to see my grandchildren, and I am the recipient of the enormous grace and wisdom of the NIH scientists and staff of this wonderful place. So I wish Godspeed to all who are treated and who work here in house of hope… the magical place where science and compassion come together to save our lives.”
Butler made three wishes for the Center’s birthday: that NIH receive the funding increases needed; that it find creative and meaningful ways to attract and retain the best and the brightest scientists and clinicians; and that every American be informed about the enormous resources available at NIH and the Clinical Center. “Sometimes I think this place is a dangerously well-kept secret. All too often, patients learn too late, or not at all, about the trials and research that take place here.”
Read more about the NIH Clinical Center in Pat McNees's book about it, Building Ten at Fifty: 50 Years of Clinical Research at the NIH Clinical Center.
Articles about NIH and clinical research
• A Failure to Heal (Siddhartha Mukherjee, NY Times Magazine, 11-28-17) Sifting through the medical rubble when a clinical trial falters.
• The Changing Face of Clinical Trials (New England Journal of Medicine, 2017) collection of articles that examine the current challenges in the design, performance, and interpretation of clinical trials.
• Storygram: Charles Piller’s “Failure to Report” (Roxanne Khamsi, Open Notebook, 3-21-17) The paradox of Charles Piller’s remarkable STAT investigation “Law Ignored, Patients at Risk: Failure to Report” is that in order to reveal large swathes of missing data, he had to spend several months crunching enormous datasets to understand what was absent. Before Piller could even sit down to write the sentences of his article, his STAT colleague Natalia Bronshtein had to first write the code to download and analyze the raw information, which she did using the computer programming language Python. Ultimately, though, the payoff of this work was huge: People had known for years that many researchers and their institutions had often neglected to deposit study results into the public database ClinicalTrials.gov as required by law, but this investigation finally named the worst offenders and offered shocking details about the true scope of the problem.
• Study questions animal data underlying many clinical trials (Emma Yasinski, Science, 4-5-18) "Over the past few years, researchers have repeatedly shown that many animal studies lack scientific rigor; they are often prone to biases, for instance, and are sloppily reported in scientific journals. The team behind the new study looked specifically at the information researchers prepare to justify clinical trials in humans, which can cost millions of dollars....The team found that 89% of the animal studies were not published at all, making it impossible for the IRBs to know whether the study had been reviewed by other experts. Additionally, fewer than 5% included important information on whether bias-reducing methods such as randomization of the experimental groups were used, they report today in PLOS Biology....Lastly, 82% of the brochures only reported studies that had positive effects. That suggests that trial sponsors leave out the less flattering studies....he new study helps explain why so many results in animal studies don't hold up in human trials, says Malcolm Macleod, a neurologist at the University of Edinburgh in the United Kingdom. Less than 10% to 15% of clinical trials are successful."
The new study may help explain why so many encouraging results in animal studies don't hold up in human trials.
• Faced with public pressure, research institutions step up reporting of clinical trial results (Charles Piller and Talia Bronshtein, STAT, 1-9-18) A STAT Investigation. The reporting of clinical trial results to a public database — mandated by a 10-year-old federal law — has improved sharply in the last two years, with universities and other nonprofit research centers leading the way, according to a new STAT analysis of government data. See also Nerd’s notes: How we did the ClinicalTrials.gov data analysis (Talia Bronshtein, STAT, 3-30-18)
• An abnormal reunion (Pat McNees, The Scientist, March 2008) "In 1958, Jim Conrad, a Mennonite from Oregon, volunteered to eat the same solid foods every day for several weeks, then nothing but corn oil and skim milk for nine weeks, then a combination of coconut oil and skim milk for six weeks, and finally, fish oil and skim milk for two weeks - all in the name of biomedical science." Jim and 25 other Mennonites and Brethren "had served as normal controls in NIH studies conducted between 1955 and 1970. On this day, the volunteers shared stories about strange young-adult experiences, toured the new hospital, and got answers to some questions about NIH research."
• NIH hospital’s pipes harbored uncommon bacteria that infected patients (Ike Swetlitz, STAT News, 12-26-18) Includes a great photo of the Clinical Center with many other National Institutes behind it. A study in the New England Journal of Medicine found that "from 2006 to 2016, at least 12 patients at the NIH Clinical Center, which provides experimental therapies and hosts research trials, were infected with Sphingomonas koreensis, an uncommon bacteria....infections like this are not uncommon in medical centers — the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that about 4 percent of hospital patients pick up diseases from the hospital environment....The cluster of Sphingomonas infections prompted researchers to search the hospital’s water infrastructure to see where the bacteria might have been hiding out. They found Sphingomonas koreensis living in water that came out of the faucets in patient rooms, as well as inside the sink faucets themselves."
• What Freddie Mercury Can Teach Us About Clinical Trials (Milton Packer MD, Medpage Today, 2-20-19) 'There are two distinct approaches to reconciling the disparate results of two trials on the same research question. One common approach is to dissect each of the trials to death, looking at each as if it were an isolated piece of evidence. It is a destructive process that pits the results of one trial against another, with the ultimate goal that only one trial is left standing at the end...Quite often, the process succeeds in destroying both trials, yielding a "hung jury."...A better process -- although rarely carried out -- is to take the position that both trials may have revealed the truth....executing a "totality of evidence" approach takes energy and work....In the past 6 months, the investigators of two trials evaluated the efficacy of transcatheter mitral valve repair in patients who had heart failure and severe functional mitral regurgitation. In the MITRA-FR trial, the investigators found no benefit of the procedure, whereas in the COAPT trial, the researchers reported dramatic benefits, including a reduction in mortality. Both trials were ultimately published in the same issue of the New England Journal of Medicine....Paul Grayburn and I joined forces to begin a process of reconciliation, which placed the various pieces of data on the table and looked at the totality of evidence....Once the pieces were correctly identified and played in the right order, the harmony became obvious. But viewed alone, each trial yielded a half-truth.'
• NIH in uproar over report slamming Clinical Center, leadership shakeup (Jocelyn Kaiser, Science Magazine, 6-3-18) A balanced piece, which takes into account the complexity of a hospital that is doing clinical research, with researchers from many different institutes, and with the problems inherent in unsettled funding (as a federal hospital and clinic).
• NIH needs to raise the bar for funding alternative medicine research (Henry I. Miller, STAT, 2-26-18) One branch of the NIH is far less equal — in the sense of both scientific rigor and importance — than the others: the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (formerly the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine). Grant proposals for complementary and integrative health studies could be evaluated more effectively by other NIH institutes or centers.
• NIH to require more transparency for clinical trials (Tara Haelle, Covering Health, Association for Health Care Journalists, 2-22-18) The ongoing push for open science and greater transparency in medical research just notched another win following new rules from the National Institutes of Health regarding federally funded research involving humans. The NIH is broadening the definition of clinical trials for what must be registered and reported at ClinicalTrials.gov.
• Open Science Framework (A scholarly commons to connect the entire research cycle)
• Key Concepts of Clinical Trials: A Narrative Review (Craig A. Umscheid, David J. Margolis, and Craig E. Grossman, Postgrad Medicine, 2011)
• How to Read a Clinical Trial Paper: A Lesson in Basic Trial Statistics (Shail M. Govani and Peter D. R. Higgins, Gastroenterol Hepatol, April 2012) While the number of clinical trials performed yearly is increasing, the application of these results to individual patients is quite difficult.
• Kentucky sisters now have clues to lifelong, painful disorder (Medline Plus, Spring 2011) "By the time she was 18, pain in her hands drove her to the doctor—she thought arthritis—but the tests came back negative. By her 30s, the pain in her legs was so bad it prevented her from getting a good night’s sleep. Local doctors didn’t know the cause but suggested arterial surgery could help, although she would need to repeat it every five years. Paula declined....Finally, in 2009, Louise’s physician, Karen Saylor, M.D., of Mount Vernon, Ky., referred Louise and Paula to NIH’s Undiagnosed Diseases Program (UDP), a unique three-year-old NIH multidisciplinary initiative that seeks to provide answers to patients with mysterious conditions that have long eluded diagnosis, and advance medical knowledge about rare and common diseases. Accepted into the UDP that May, the sisters, their three siblings, and their parents (who do not have the disease) visited the NIH Clinical Center for a week of intensive clinical and laboratory testing, evaluation, and consultation. It was worth it. Clinical investigators from the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) found that the pain Paula, Louise, and their siblings continue to suffer is due to ACDC, a rare genetic disorder that permits calcium to build up in arteries below the waist and in the hands, blocking blood flow and making walking and other movements painfully difficult. Fortunately, ACDC spares the arteries of the heart."
• NIH Medline Plus (past issues, online)
• NIH rejected a study of alcohol advertising while pursuing industry funding for other research (Sharon Begley, STAT, 4-2-18)
• NIH's Definition of a Clinical Trial
• NIH Genetic Sleuths Diagnose Mysterious Inherited Disorder ("Medical Mysteries," The NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Spring 2011)
• What's Wrong With Summer Stiers (Robin Marantz Henig, NY Times Magazine, 2-18-09), through a patient's story we learn more about NIH's new Undiagnosed Diseases Program, under superdiagnostician William Gahl.
• Senior NIH doctors criticize Clinical Center leadership changes (Shannon Muchmore, Modern Healthcare, 6-2-16)
• NIH plans overhaul of clinical center leadership (Jocelyn Kaiser, Science, 5-10-16)
Patient safety issues prompt leadership shake-up at NIH hospital (Lena H. Sun, Washington Post, 5-10-16)
• Trial and Error (Naomi Elster, Variables/Essays and Opinions, Undark, 4-25-16). Should clinical trials be better regulated? Definitely. Should they be regulated out of existence? Definitely not.
• The Insider's Guide to Accessing NLM Data (National Library of Medicine, NIH) A series of educational resources to help users explore more powerful and flexible ways of accessing NLM data, with a focus on accessing PubMed data via the E-utilities API.
• Contamination scare at NIH leaves clinical trial subjects with tough choice (Emily DeMarco, Science, 6-5-16)
• ‘Superbug’ stalked NIH hospital last year, killing six (Brian Vastag, Washington Post, 8-22-12)
• The Truth Wears Off (Jonah Lehrer, Annals of Science, New Yorker, 12-13-10). Is there something wrong with the scientific method? The "decline effect": The decline of significance in positive results from clinical trials -- results that are rigorously proved and accepted -- start shrinking in later studies. This can be explained by selective reporting, regression to the mean, and positive publication bias. "Our beliefs are a form of blindness," writes Lehrer (e.g., results from trials on acupuncture are more positive in Asia than in the West). Early termination of trials that show a positive result could also enshrine a statistical fluke, adds one reader.
• Discovery, Interrupted: How World War I delayed a treatment for diabetes and derailed one man’s chance at immortality (Jeffrey Friedman, Harper's Magazine, Nov. 2018) Wonderful medical history, about a soft-spoken medical researcher at the Rockefeller Institute during World War I, Israel Simon Kleiner, who had determined the basic principle that an extract from the pancreas could be used to develop a way to reduce blood sugar in patients with diabetes -- but who was asked to leave because research on diabetes was not nearly as important as research on infectious diseases. Two others discovered insulin, based on Kleiner's work, and got a Nobel for it. Only much later would diabetes become a national health crisis. Not about the NIH, but definitely worth a read.